Which Venezuelan Hoaxes Survived the Evidence?
Venezuela’s best-known hoax history is not a long parade of ingenious practical jokes. It is a smaller, more revealing collection of disputed photographs, scientific overreach, politically edited images, fabricated quotations and election claims whose truth depends on evidence that audiences cannot easily inspect for themselves.
Page outline Jump by section
Introduction
The classic case is De Loys’s ape: a dead spider monkey photographed near the Venezuelan–Colombian frontier and promoted in 1929 as a giant, unknown anthropoid. Later episodes moved from expedition photography to television and social media. During political crises, genuine footage has been cropped, relabelled or presented without its chronology; invented quotations have been attached to public figures; and irregularities, suspicions and proven falsehoods have often been bundled together under the single word “fraud”. The central lesson is not that Venezuelans are unusually credulous. It is that deception flourishes where dramatic images meet weak access to records, intense political division and authorities or media organisations that audiences already distrust.
De Loys’s ape: Venezuela’s classic scientific hoax
In 1929, European newspapers and scientific circles were introduced to an apparently astonishing discovery from the forests around the Venezuela–Colombia border. Swiss petroleum geologist François de Loys claimed that his expedition had encountered two large, aggressive, tailless primates. One was supposedly shot and photographed sitting upright on a packing case. The animal, he said, stood roughly human height and possessed features unlike those of any known American monkey.
French-Swiss anthropologist Georges Montandon promoted the photograph as evidence of a new genus and species, Ameranthropoides loysi. The name suggested not merely a new monkey but something closer to an American anthropoid ape. The claim was extraordinary because no living apes were known from the Americas. Yet almost everything rested on one photograph, published years after the alleged encounter, with no preserved body, skeleton, skin or independently verified field notes.[Wikipedia]WikipediaDe Loys's apeDe Loys's ape
The image was persuasive because it contained several visual cues that seemed scientific. The carcass was posed frontally, its body appeared unusually large, and no tail could be seen. A measuring object was reportedly supposed to have stood beside it, but was absent from the published photograph. The packing case beneath the animal also made a poor scale reference because its precise dimensions were uncertain. What looked like documentary evidence was therefore a carefully arranged scene whose most important measurements could not be checked.
Zoologists quickly observed that the animal closely resembled a female spider monkey. Spider monkeys have long limbs, narrow bodies and facial features compatible with the photograph. A tail could have been hidden, removed or simply positioned behind the body. The supposed ape’s size was also exaggerated by the pose and lack of reliable scale. British anatomist Arthur Keith and other critics rejected the proposed species soon after its announcement, arguing that the photograph did not justify creating an unknown anthropoid.[Wikipedia]WikipediaDe Loys's apeDe Loys's ape
The strongest evidence of deliberate staging emerged much later. Venezuelan physician Enrique Tejera, who had known de Loys while working in oil camps, wrote that the photographed animal was an ordinary spider monkey kept by the expedition and later posed as a joke. According to Tejera’s account, Montandon transformed this piece of camp humour into a supposed scientific discovery. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ reconstruction treats the letter as the decisive clue that the celebrated “ape” originated as a prank rather than an encounter with an unknown species.[aapg.org]aapg.orgA Monkey's Photo, a Prankster Petroleum Geologist and…1 Nov 2020 — The definitive clue that the Ameranthropoides loysi story was a pra…
Some later historians have been more cautious. Research on de Loys’s expedition has questioned whether every element of his account can be conclusively proved fraudulent, noting gaps in the surviving record and the possibility that Montandon did more to inflate the story than de Loys himself. That uncertainty matters: the animal is securely identifiable as a known type of monkey, but responsibility for converting the photograph into a formal scientific claim is less simple than the familiar story of a lone hoaxer inventing a monster.[ResearchGate]researchgate.netResearch Gate From Lausanne to the Venezuelan forestsGeological mission of…September 1, 1999 — From Lausanne to the Venezuelan forests. Geological mission of François de Loys (1892-1935)…
The episode also had a darker intellectual purpose. Montandon used the supposed ape to support polygenist ideas suggesting that different human populations had evolved separately from different primate ancestors. Such theories were entangled with racial hierarchy and later with Montandon’s antisemitism and collaborationist politics. The photograph gained authority not because it was strong evidence, but because it appeared to validate a theory its promoter already wanted to believe.[Wikipedia]WikipediaDe Loys's apeDe Loys's ape
De Loys’s ape still circulates because it is visually complete. A single memorable photograph is easier to share than the missing specimen, absent scale, zoological objections and decades-late witness testimony needed to evaluate it. Modern retellings often label it either a “mystery cryptid” or a “proven hoax”, when the fairest conclusion is more precise: the image shows a spider monkey, the new species had no valid scientific basis, and the grand anthropological interpretation was an exercise in credulous or deliberate overstatement.
When television images became political evidence
The violence surrounding the attempted removal of President Hugo Chávez on 11 April 2002 produced one of Venezuela’s most enduring battles over visual truth. Television footage showed armed Chávez supporters firing from the Llaguno overpass in central Caracas. Some broadcasters presented the images as proof that government supporters were shooting at an opposition march below. The sequence became a powerful part of the case against Chávez during the rapidly unfolding coup.
The images were real, but their meaning depended on angle, timing and what was outside the frame. Later documentaries argued that the street beneath the gunmen was empty at the moment shown and that they were responding to fire from elsewhere rather than shooting demonstrators. The Revolution Will Not Be Televised and Puente Llaguno: Keys to a Massacre helped popularise this counter-narrative, portraying the original broadcasts as a grave manipulation by private media.
That rebuttal was itself contested. Critics argued that the documentaries simplified the chronology, obscured the presence of Metropolitan Police and made claims about the timing of deaths that did not fit all available photographs and records. The result was not a clean transition from “media lie” to “documentary truth”, but competing edited narratives built from incomplete views of a chaotic scene.[Wikipedia]WikipediaPuente Llaguno: Claves de una MasacrePuente Llaguno: Claves de una Masacre
The Llaguno case demonstrates how authentic footage can mislead without being technically fabricated. A camera records only one direction. An editor decides what precedes and follows a shot. A commentator supplies the identity of unseen targets. When viewers encounter the same images after the event, captions and voiceovers can turn ambiguous gunfire into apparently conclusive evidence.
It is therefore better described as a controversy over framing, selective presentation and evidential limits than as a single, universally settled hoax. People were killed, armed civilians were present, and several institutions used the material to support incompatible explanations. The responsible question is not simply whether the footage was “fake”, but which claims the visible content actually proves.
Election fraud claims: false evidence, unresolved distrust and real warning signs
Venezuelan elections illustrate why “hoax” must be used carefully. Some pieces of alleged evidence have been demonstrably false, while broader concerns about electoral independence, transparency and coercion have sometimes been well founded. Treating every fraud allegation as a fabrication can be as misleading as accepting every suspicious statistic as proof.
The disputed 2004 recall referendum
In the August 2004 recall referendum, official results showed that about 59 per cent voted to keep Hugo Chávez in office. Opposition leaders alleged electronic manipulation, pointing to exit polls, repeated numerical patterns and unexpectedly low support for recall in places where many residents had signed the petition demanding the vote.
The Carter Center and the Organization of American States observed the process and examined a post-election audit comparing paper records with electronic totals. They concluded that the official result reflected the votes cast and reported no evidence of fraud sufficient to overturn it. In the audited sample, discrepancies between paper and machine counts were extremely small.[aceproject.org]aceproject.orgOpen source on aceproject.org.
That did not end the argument. Academic researchers later tested the results using petition signatures, exit polls, telecommunications data and distributions within voting centres. Some found anomalies they considered compatible with systematic interference; others showed that particular fraud hypotheses did not fit the observed patterns. Statistical compatibility is not the same as proof: several different processes can produce an unusual correlation, especially when the underlying datasets contain their own biases.[arXiv]arxiv.orgOpen source on arxiv.org.
The episode is useful precisely because it resists a slogan. International observers found that the audited paper trail supported the official count, which weakens claims of straightforward machine switching. At the same time, poor trust in the electoral authority, disputes over audit selection and genuine pre-election irregularities gave suspicions a durable life. The alleged “digital mirrors” that supposedly converted votes became a memorable technical explanation, but no verified mechanism was produced to demonstrate that such a system had changed the result.[WIRED]wired.comOpen source on wired.com.
Why 2024 should not be treated as a repeat of 2004
The presidential election of 28 July 2024 created a different evidential problem. The electoral authority declared Nicolás Maduro the winner but did not publish complete, independently verifiable polling-station results. The opposition released a large collection of tally sheets that it said showed a decisive victory for Edmundo González. The Organization of American States’ election department said the announced result could not be recognised without documentary support and criticised the electoral authority’s conduct.[Reuters]reuters.comVenezuela vote results unreliable, says OAS bodyVenezuela vote results unreliable, says OAS body
This matters to any history of Venezuelan deception because it shows the danger of recycling an old debunking. Evidence that particular fraud stories from 2004 were unsupported does not establish that every later election claim is honest. Conversely, justified doubt about the 2024 declaration does not validate every dramatic post, invented quotation or recycled video associated with it.
A sound assessment separates four questions:
- Was a specific image, quotation or statistic fabricated?
- Does an irregularity have an innocent or technical explanation?
- Was the counting process open enough to verify the announced total?
- Is there affirmative evidence of a different result, rather than suspicion alone?
Political actors benefit when these questions collapse into one emotional choice between total belief and total rejection.
Fabricated quotations and recycled footage
Social media has made Venezuela a frequent setting for what might be called “context laundering”: real material from another date or place is relabelled as evidence of a current Venezuelan event. The deception often requires no sophisticated editing. A new caption is enough.
After the July 2024 election, for example, a statement supposedly made by Donald Trump circulated alongside an older video. The quotation described the Venezuelan result as a disgrace, accused Maduro of cheating and demanded his resignation. Reuters found no record of Trump making the quoted statement; the attached footage came from November 2023 and concerned United States voter-identification rules rather than Venezuela. The fabrication succeeded because the invented words resembled opinions Trump might plausibly have expressed.[Reuters]reuters.comFabricated quote on Venezuela election result attributed to Donald TrumpFabricated quote on Venezuela election result attributed to Donald Trump
That pattern is common because attributed quotations provide three advantages to a hoaxer. They are easy to manufacture, emotionally direct and difficult for readers to disprove quickly. A screenshot resembling a news card can circulate long before anyone checks transcripts, official accounts or archived video.
Venezuelan fact-checkers have also documented networks and recurring narratives rather than treating falsehoods as isolated mistakes. The C-Informa coalition was formed by media and digital-rights organisations to examine how coordinated disinformation works in the country. Its creation reflects an environment in which inaccessible official data, pressure on independent journalism and polarised online communities make verification unusually difficult.[latamjournalismreview.org]latamjournalismreview.orgIn Venezuela, fact-checking coalition created to show howIn Venezuela, fact-checking coalition created to show how
Research into Venezuelan political bots similarly warns against assuming that every automated account performs the same role. One study found bots impersonating politicians, agencies and parties, but concluded that their overall share of political retweet traffic was relatively small and that much activity promoted routine political content rather than obvious fabricated news. The useful lesson is methodological: evidence of automation does not by itself prove a vast or centrally controlled deception campaign.[arXiv]arxiv.orgarXiv Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in VenezuelaarXiv Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela
Why these stories remain persuasive
Venezuela’s famous hoaxes and contested truths share several mechanisms even though their subjects differ.
A dramatic image appears to settle a complicated question. De Loys’s photograph seemed to prove the existence of an unknown ape. Llaguno footage seemed to identify who was shooting whom. Online clips seem to show a crowd’s political reaction. In each case, the image supplies vividness but not necessarily scale, chronology, location or causation.
Authority is borrowed rather than demonstrated. Montandon gave a posed carcass a scientific name. Political graphics imitate the design of recognised news organisations. Election claims invoke statistical language that most readers cannot independently test. Formal appearance becomes a substitute for traceable evidence.
The story fits an existing expectation. A mysterious jungle is expected to hide unknown animals. Partisan media are expected to lie. A distrusted government is expected to rig votes, while a hostile opposition is expected to fabricate accusations. The stronger the prior expectation, the less scrutiny a confirming story may receive.
Missing records leave room for narrative competition. No specimen survived from the supposed ape. Camera angles from April 2002 were incomplete. Electoral controversies have been intensified when authorities failed to publish records promptly or permit broad independent verification. An information vacuum does not prove a hoax, but it makes both fraud and false accusation easier.
Corrections are less memorable than claims. “Giant South American ape” can be understood in seconds. Explaining spider-monkey anatomy, photographic scale and the history of racial anthropology takes much longer. The same imbalance favours a fabricated quotation over the archival work required to disprove it.
How to judge a Venezuelan hoax claim
The most reliable approach is to identify exactly what kind of claim is being made before deciding whether it is a hoax.
A deliberate hoax involves evidence knowingly staged or invented, such as the probable posing and inflation of De Loys’s monkey photograph. A misidentification occurs when a genuine object or animal is interpreted incorrectly. Propaganda may use true, false and selectively edited material together to shape political behaviour. Folklore can circulate without any original fraudster at all. A contested allegation remains unresolved when the available evidence does not justify either categorical acceptance or categorical dismissal.
For photographs and video, the decisive checks are usually provenance and context: the earliest known upload, the original caption, visible landmarks, weather, clothing, shadows and whether the sequence has been cropped. For quotations, searchable transcripts and first-party recordings matter more than screenshots. For scientific discoveries, a preserved specimen, independent examination and reproducible measurements carry more weight than an explorer’s story. For elections, polling-station records and transparent audits are more informative than viral graphs whose data sources are unclear.
Venezuela’s history of fakery is therefore also a history of verification. The ape was undone by comparative anatomy and witness testimony. Misleading political images are challenged through chronology and alternative camera angles. False quotations are exposed through archives. Electoral claims rise or fall according to whether paper records and audit methods can be inspected. Across all these cases, the crucial distinction is between evidence that feels decisive and evidence that another person can independently test.
What Venezuela’s hoax history reveals
The country’s most memorable deception stories grew at moments when new systems of authority were expanding. In the 1920s, illustrated newspapers and scientific classification could turn one exotic photograph into an apparent discovery. In the early 2000s, rolling television news gave selected footage immediate political force. Social platforms later allowed captions, quotations and old videos to cross borders faster than local journalists could verify them.
The pattern is not uniquely Venezuelan. What gives it a Venezuelan character is the combination of oil exploration, frontier mythology, intense political polarisation, contested media power and recurring struggles over access to official information. These conditions reward stories that offer certainty: the missing ape has been found, the gunmen’s targets are obvious, the machines unquestionably stole the vote, or a famous foreign politician has issued the perfect denunciation.
The strongest sceptical response is not automatic disbelief. It is disciplined classification. Some Venezuelan stories are clear fabrications; others are genuine events wrapped in false captions; some are sincere mistakes; and several political controversies contain both debunked claims and legitimate grounds for suspicion. Recognising those differences makes the history more interesting—and prevents “hoax” from becoming merely another partisan label.
Amazon book picks
Further Reading
Books and field guides related to Which Venezuelan Hoaxes Survived the Evidence?. Use these as the next step if you want deeper reading beyond the article.
Why People Believe Weird Things
Rating: 4.0/5 from 7 Google Books ratings
Explains how extraordinary claims, hoaxes and misinformation gain acceptance.
Mistakes Were Made (but Not by Me)
Helps explain why disputed claims survive despite contradictory evidence.
The Demon-Haunted World
Rating: 4.5/5 from 43 Google Books ratings
Focuses on evaluating evidence and detecting pseudoscientific claims.
On the Origin of Stories
Provides context for how compelling stories spread and endure.
eBay marketplace picks
Marketplace Samples
Live-tested eBay searches with available results related to this page.
Endnotes
1.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: De Loys’s ape
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Loys%27s_ape
2.
Source: hoaxes.org
Link:https://hoaxes.org/photos/venezuela.html
Source snippet
Loys intended to intentionally hoax the...Read more...
3.
Source: aapg.org
Link:https://www.aapg.org/news-and-media/explorer/a-monkeys-photo-a-prankster-petroleum-geologist-and-a-fraudulent-anthropologist/?srsltid=AfmBOoo5_dO88Xilgd1FBEeCBzPfUjJrlzCqwHu7CLz3yfXidND2hebJ
Source snippet
A Monkey's Photo, a Prankster Petroleum Geologist and...1 Nov 2020 — The definitive clue that the Ameranthropoides loysi story was a pra...
4.
Source: aapg.org
Link:https://www.aapg.org/news-and-media/explorer/a-monkeys-photo-a-prankster-petroleum-geologist-and-a-fraudulent-anthropologist/?srsltid=AfmBOopkcMwlcBVNn7VUpKvq6RV-SEPoZv_sNkClLlEyBtqiW6cUpLb0
Source snippet
In 1920 Francois de Loys left Venezuela to work as a field petroleum geologist in Algeria, Texas, and finally in Iraq, where he contr...
5.
Source: researchgate.net
Title: Research Gate From Lausanne to the Venezuelan forests
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295587087_From_Lausanne_to_the_Venezuelan_forests_Geological_mission_of_Francois_de_Loys_1892-1935_and_the_origins_of_an_anthropological_controversy
Source snippet
Geological mission of...September 1, 1999 — From Lausanne to the Venezuelan forests. Geological mission of François de Loys (1892-1935)...
Published: September 1, 1999
6.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: Puente Llaguno: Claves de una Masacre
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_Llaguno%3A_Claves_de_una_Masacre
7.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt
8.
Source: wired.com
Link:https://www.wired.com/2004/08/e-vote-rigging-in-venezuela
9.
Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.5108
10.
Source: arxiv.org
Title: arXiv Forensic Analysis of the Venezuelan Recall Referendum
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3645
11.
Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3921
12.
Source: reuters.com
Title: Venezuela vote results unreliable, says OAS body
Link:https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/oas-department-says-results-announced-by-venezuela-cannot-be-recognized-2024-07-30/
13.
Source: reuters.com
Title: Fabricated quote on Venezuela election result attributed to Donald Trump
Link:https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/fabricated-quote-venezuela-election-result-attributed-donald-trump-2024-08-09/
14.
Source: latamjournalismreview.org
Title: In Venezuela, fact-checking coalition created to show how
Link:https://latamjournalismreview.org/articles/in-venezuela-fact-checking-coalition-created-to-show-how-disinformation-works/
15.
Source: latamjournalismreview.org
Link:https://latamjournalismreview.org/articles/venezuelan-fact-checking-coalition-receives-data-journalism-award-despite-challenges-in-accessing-information/
16.
Source: arxiv.org
Title: arXiv Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07109
17.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/economy/uk-german-embassies-evacuated-in-venezuela-idUSN02432957/
18.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-no-evidence-to-suggest-text-scam-is-linked-to-sex-trafficking-idUSKBN25N2IP/
19.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-this-cdc-document-does-not-say-that-that-sars-cov-2-doesnt-exist-idUSKBN27633O/
20.
Source: reuters.com
Title: republican candidate nikki haley targeted second swatting attempt 2024 01 29
Link:https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republican-candidate-nikki-haley-targeted-second-swatting-attempt-2024-01-29/
21.
Source: reuters.com
Title: new indonesia web system blocks more than 70000 negative sites idUSKCN1G30K3
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/world/new-indonesia-web-system-blocks-more-than-70000-negative-sites-idUSKCN1G30K3/
22.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idOVC5V4DPJ/
23.
Source: reuters.com
Title: what charges might trump face removing white house records 2022 08 10
Link:https://www.reuters.com/legal/what-charges-might-trump-face-removing-white-house-records-2022-08-10/
24.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-mars-will-not-appear-as-big-as-the-moon-on-aug-27-photo-shows-two-idUSKCN2592EM/
25.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-hoax-sean-connery-letter-to-steve-jobs-resurfaces-following-his-deat-idUSKBN27I276/
26.
Source: reuters.com
Link:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-usa-draft/no-draft-and-definitely-no-draft-by-text-message-u-s-army-warns-of-hoax-idUSKBN1Z72EU/
27.
Source: researchgate.net
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320243180What_is_an%27extant%27_type_specimen_Problems_arising_from_naming_mammalian_species-group_taxa_without_preserved_types
28.
Source: researchgate.net
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295719373_Idols_in_exile_making_sense_of_prehistoric_human_pottery_figurines_from_Dos_Mosquises_Island_Los_Roques_archipelago_Venezuela
29.
Source: researchgate.net
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225040116_Analysis_of_the_2004_Venezuela_Referendum_The_Official_Results_Versusthe_Petition_Signatures
30.
Source: researchgate.net
Title: The truth about the Venezuelan monkey
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298817843_The_truth_about_the_Venezuelan_monkey
31.
Source: researchgate.net
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309511422_La_creacion_de_un_primate_el_simio_americano_de_Francois_de_Loys_Amer-anthropoides_loysi_Montandon_1929_o_la_historia_de_un_fraude
32.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: Archaeological forgery
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_forgery
33.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: Pre Columbian period in Venezuela
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela
34.
Source: Wikipedia
Title: 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum
35.
Source: arxiv.org
Link:https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3009
36.
Source: aceproject.org
Link:https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/americas/VE/venezuela-tcc-eom-final-report-presidential-recall-2004/view
37.
Source: oas.org
Link:https://www.oas.org/council/resolutions/res869.asp
38.
Source: futilitycloset.com
Title: Ameranthropoides Loysi
Link:https://www.futilitycloset.com/2005/06/21/ameranthropoides-loysi/
39.
Source: biologyonline.com
Title: Ameranthropoides loysi
Link:https://www.biologyonline.com/articles/ameranthropoides-loysi
40.
Source: reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk
Link:https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/these-are-exiled-venezuelan-journalists-joining-forces-report-maduros-ouster-afar
41.
Source: theguardian.com
Link:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/23/venezuela
Additional References
42.
Source: ft.com
Link:https://www.ft.com/content/76b877d6-efbd-11d8-b4ef-00000e2511c8
Source snippet
Concerns arose over the integrity of the touch-screen voting machines and the tallying process, which two CNE board members claimed was u...
43.
Source: onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Title: Online Library History of Primatology—South America
Link:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0312
Source snippet
Wiley Online LibraryHistory of Primatology—South America - Urbaniby B Urbani · 2016 · Cited by 3 — In the first half of the twentieth cen...
44.
Source: academia.edu
Link:https://www.academia.edu/9227782/Their_World_in_Clay_the_Art_of_Pre_Hispanic_Venezuela
45.
Source: apnews.com
Link:https://apnews.com/ap-fact-check
46.
Source: timesofisrael.com
Link:https://www.timesofisrael.com/8-years-after-trial-began-verdict-expected-in-biblical-antiquities-forgery-case/
47.
Source: facebook.com
Link:https://www.facebook.com/scifri/posts/art-experts-say-forged-antiquities-are-extremely-common-in-museums-and-private-a/10159660303393403/
48.
Source: smartmatic.com
Link:https://www.smartmatic.com/media/carter-center-oas-certify-referendum-results/
49.
Source: traffickingculture.org
Link:https://traffickingculture.org/uploads/2015/06/Brodie-2014-Internet-final1.pdf
50.
Source: facebook.com
Link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/149844915349213/posts/2181292232204461/
51.
Source: reddit.com
Link:https://www.reddit.com/r/Cryptozoology/comments/1gxj6y6/here_is_one_of_the_many_postscripts_to_the_de/
Topic Tree
Follow this branch
Related pages 192
- Albanian Hoaxes
- Algerian Hoaxes
- Antigua Deceptions
- Argentina Hoaxes
- Armenian Hoaxes
- +187 more in sidebar