How Singapore's Strangest Stories Became Believable

Introduction

These episodes matter because they show that deception rarely succeeds through fabrication alone. A claim becomes persuasive when it borrows authority from a familiar website, respected institution, national symbol, news format or trusted public figure. Some Singapore stories were deliberate frauds; others were folklore, commercial invention, rumour or sincere misidentification. Treating them all simply as “hoaxes” would obscure the most interesting question: how did each story gain the appearance of truth?

When legend starts to look like history

The best-known questionable claim attached to Singapore is also its foundational one: that a visiting prince saw a lion and consequently named the island Singapura, or “Lion City”. The story comes from the Malay Annals, a courtly chronicle combining dynastic memory, political symbolism and marvellous narrative rather than modern documentary history. In its familiar form, Sang Nila Utama lands on Temasek, encounters an impressive red-bodied animal with a black head and white breast, is told that it is a lion and establishes a city under a new name.[BiblioAsia]biblioasia.nlb.gov.sgvol 16 issue 2 jul sep 2020 sang nilaSang Nila Utama: Separating Myth From Reality | BiblioAsia7 Jul 2020 — Sang Nila Utama, the mythical prince of Palembang who fo…

The zoological difficulty is straightforward. Wild lions are not native to Singapore, and historians do not generally treat the episode as a reliable report of an actual lion sighting. Suggestions that the creature was a tiger are possible but also speculative: the animal’s literary description may have symbolic rather than scientific meaning. Lions already represented sovereignty, power and auspicious kingship across parts of Asia, so naming a royal foundation after one made political sense whether or not an identifiable animal stood on the beach.[Kontinentalist]kontinentalist.comDid Sang Nila Utama really see a lion?Did Sang Nila Utama really see a lion? - Singapore5 Feb 2020 — Sang Nila Utama couldn't have seen a lion in Singapore—they…

That makes the tale a national legend, not a proven fraud. There is no identified hoaxer secretly substituting one animal for another. The misleading step occurs later, when a symbolic narrative is repeated as though it were an eyewitness nature report. Archaeology supports the existence of a significant settlement and trading centre in the Singapore area during the fourteenth century, but it cannot verify the Annals’ dramatic encounter or establish precisely who founded the settlement. The durable lesson is that a story may preserve historical memory without being literally accurate in every detail.[BiblioAsia]biblioasia.nlb.gov.sgvol 16 issue 2 jul sep 2020 sang nilaSang Nila Utama: Separating Myth From Reality | BiblioAsia7 Jul 2020 — Sang Nila Utama, the mythical prince of Palembang who fo…

The Merlion’s deliberately modern ancestry

The Merlion is an even clearer example of how recently created symbolism can acquire an aura of timelessness. The half-lion, half-fish creature was designed in 1964 for the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. Its lion component referred to the Singapura naming legend, while its fish body represented Singapore’s maritime associations and the earlier name Temasek. The famous waterfront statue, designed from Kwan Sai Kheong’s blueprint and made by sculptor Lim Nang Seng, was unveiled in 1972.[roots.gov.sg]roots.gov.sgCelebrating 50 Years of the Merlion: Stories Behind…The first Merlion statue was constructed in 1972 by local sculptor Lim Nang S…

The Merlion was never officially presented as a newly discovered creature from ancient folklore. It was a modern emblem created for tourism and place-branding. Yet successful symbols often shed the circumstances of their invention. Repeated on postcards, souvenirs, public monuments and official material, the Merlion came to feel like an inherited myth rather than a twentieth-century design.

Calling it a “hoax” would therefore be unfair. It is better understood as an invented tradition whose origins are openly documented. Its history is nevertheless valuable to a study of contested truth because it demonstrates how institutional repetition can give a young symbol historical depth. Unlike a forged antiquity, the Merlion does not depend on concealing its date of creation; people simply stop asking when it was created.[Roots]roots.gov.sgCelebrating 50 Years of the Merlion: Stories Behind…The first Merlion statue was constructed in 1972 by local sculptor Lim Nang S…

Monsters made from darkness, animals and fear

Singapore’s most famous cryptid is the Bukit Timah Monkey Man, supposedly a large, hairy, humanlike primate living in or around Bukit Timah’s forest. Retellings commonly mention an early nineteenth-century sighting, wartime reports by Japanese soldiers and later encounters by residents or walkers. The problem is that the historical trail is exceptionally weak. Modern accounts repeatedly cite one another, while firm contemporary documentation for many of the older sightings is difficult to locate. Even summaries sympathetic to the legend concede that the evidence is sparse and that the creature is principally a product of folklore.[Wikipedia]WikipediaBukit Timah Monkey ManBukit Timah Monkey Man

Bukit Timah is, however, home to real macaques. In poor light, at an uncertain distance and during a brief encounter, an ordinary animal can appear larger or more humanlike than it is. Expectations then shape recollection: someone who has heard the Monkey Man story is more likely to interpret movement in foliage as evidence for the creature. Singapore research on human–macaque interactions also shows how conspicuous monkeys can become in populated landscapes, making misidentification more plausible than an undiscovered giant primate.[PMC]pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govOpen source on nih.gov.

No conclusive specimen, clear photograph, trackway or biological evidence has established the Monkey Man’s existence. Nor is there proof that every witness deliberately lied. The safest classification is cryptid folklore sustained by uncertain sightings, retelling and possible misidentification, not a single organised hoax.

Its longevity reveals a useful paradox. Singapore is densely developed, extensively mapped and associated with modern urban order, yet Bukit Timah preserves enough forest to support stories of something concealed within it. The legend survives partly because the contrast is appealing: an unknown wild creature hiding inside one of the world’s most closely managed city-states.

The “oily man” between folklore and moral panic

Another frightening figure associated with Singapore’s popular culture is the oily man: a black, grease-covered attacker said to prey on women at night. The character belongs to wider Malay folklore rather than Singapore alone, but it became especially visible through the Malay-language film industry based in mid-century Singapore. Competing studios released several oily-man films in 1958, including Orang Minyak, Serangan Orang Minyak and Sumpah Orang Minyak.[BiblioAsia]biblioasia.nlb.gov.sgBiblio Asia A History of Singapore Horror | Biblio AsiaBiblio Asia A History of Singapore Horror | Biblio Asia

The story’s power came from combining supernatural menace with a recognisable social fear: a male intruder who could enter homes, evade capture and sexually attack women. Grease supplied a memorable explanation for his supposed ability to slip from anyone who tried to seize him. Reports and rumours could also give an ordinary criminal a supernatural reputation, while films gave audiences a standard visual form through which to imagine the threat.

It is difficult to separate specific crimes, sincere supernatural belief, publicity and recycled rumour after the fact. The films prove that the figure was commercially important, not that every reported incident was fabricated or that a real grease-coated offender inspired the entire tradition. The oily man is therefore best treated as folklore capable of producing or intensifying moral panic, rather than as a solved criminal hoax.

The distinction matters. Dismissing the story as mere superstition overlooks the real vulnerability and anxiety embedded in it. Accepting it literally, however, converts cultural imagery into evidence. Like many monster panics, it occupied the unstable space where entertainment, fear, reported crime and inherited belief reinforced one another.

The charity scandal that collapsed in court

The 2005 National Kidney Foundation scandal was not a playful hoax or urban legend. It was a major crisis of institutional trust involving misleading public impressions, weak governance and concealed executive benefits.

The National Kidney Foundation had become one of Singapore’s most prominent charities, using emotionally powerful televised fundraising programmes and public appeals to support patients requiring dialysis. Its credibility rested on the idea that donations were urgently needed for medical care. Questions about executive spending and transparency eventually became the subject of a defamation action brought by the charity and its chief executive, T. T. Durai, against The Straits Times and journalist Susan Long.[NLB]nlb.gov.sgarticle detailarticle detail

The decision to sue proved disastrous. Cross-examination in July 2005 exposed Durai’s large remuneration, bonuses, travel arrangements and other benefits, as well as questions about how the charity had described its financial position. The case was abandoned during the trial, and Durai and the board resigned shortly afterwards. The proceedings turned an attempt to defend the institution’s reputation into the mechanism by which its internal practices became public.[Wikipedia]WikipediaNational Kidney Foundation Singapore scandalNational Kidney Foundation Singapore scandal

A subsequent KPMG review ran to 442 pages. Singapore’s National Library summary says the investigation found that fundraising had been prioritised over patient care and that excessive authority had accumulated around Durai under an ineffective governance structure. The health minister said that the report had not “pulled any punches” and emphasised punishment, recovery of money and reform of the charity sector.[NLB]nlb.gov.sgarticle detailarticle detail

The scandal fits a history of deception because the public-facing picture of need, restraint and accountability did not correspond adequately with what investigators later found. Yet it was more complicated than a charity simply inventing patients or stealing every donation. Dialysis services were genuinely provided. The deception lay in misrepresentation, selective disclosure and the use of a trusted humanitarian brand to discourage scrutiny.

Several conditions helped it persist:

The affair remains one of Singapore’s most important fraud-related episodes because it shows that exposure does not always begin with a secret informant or police raid. Sometimes the decisive mistake is made by the institution itself when it brings disputed claims into a courtroom, where evidence can be tested under oath.

A fake death notice that outran verification

On 18 March 2015, while former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew was critically ill in hospital, an image circulated online that appeared to be an official announcement of his death. It imitated the appearance of the Prime Minister’s Office website closely enough to mislead social-media users and some news organisations. The real Prime Minister’s Office denied the report and lodged a police complaint. Lee remained alive at the time and died on 23 March, five days after the hoax.[straitstimes.com]straitstimes.comThe Straits Times Police looking into hoax website that falsely announcedThe Straits Times Police looking into hoax website that falsely announced

Police identified a boy under 16 as the suspected creator. Contemporary accounts reported that the false page had initially been shown to friends before the screenshot escaped its original setting and travelled through messaging services, social networks and media channels.[eResources]eresources.nlb.gov.sge Resources Newspaper SGe Resources Newspaper SG

The timing made the fabrication unusually believable. Lee’s health was already the subject of constant public attention, and an authentic announcement could plausibly have appeared at any moment. Recipients were not being asked to accept an extraordinary event without context; they were being shown a false confirmation of an event they expected soon.

The hoax also exploited visual authority. It did not need a long persuasive argument. The copied layout, government branding and formal language acted as substitutes for verification. Once the screenshot became detached from its original webpage, users could not inspect the address easily or check whether the page genuinely existed on the official site.

The case illustrates why corrections frequently travel more slowly than the initial falsehood. A dramatic announcement is shared instantly; a denial requires users to pause, locate an authoritative channel and acknowledge that they were misled. Research examining the episode found a complex interaction between rumour and corrective messages, while broader Singapore research has identified instant-messaging services as particularly important spaces for misinformation because messages often arrive from personally trusted contacts.[InK]ink.library.smu.edu.sgOpen source on edu.sg.

Deepfakes turn reputation into raw material

The Lee Kuan Yew death notice depended on a copied webpage. Modern fraudsters can now fabricate the appearance, voice and behaviour of a living person. In Singapore, deepfake videos have repeatedly presented politicians and other recognisable figures as though they were endorsing investments, cryptocurrency schemes or commercial services.

In March 2025, Prime Minister Lawrence Wong warned that manipulated videos were circulating in which he appeared to promote fraudulent products and investments. Such clips exploit two forms of authority at once: the familiarity of a public figure and the lingering assumption that moving images are harder to fake than text.[CNA]channelnewsasia.comOpen source on channelnewsasia.com.

By May 2026, the method had become considerably more elaborate. Singapore police released footage from a scam in which artificial-intelligence technology was used during a video conference to impersonate senior government officials. The operation combined deepfake participants with false emails, messages and requests for money, creating a layered simulation of an official process rather than relying on one isolated clip. A victim lost at least S$4.9 million, according to contemporary reporting.[Singapore Police Force]police.gov.sgOpen source on police.gov.sg.

This is an important change in how hoaxes work. Older fabrications often asked the audience to believe a single object: a photograph, announcement or creature sighting. A deepfake scam can create an interactive false environment. The victim may receive messages from several supposed officials, attend a meeting, hear apparently natural voices, see responsive faces and receive forged paperwork. Each element appears to authenticate the others.

Deepfakes also blur the old distinction between a hoax and a financial scam. The fake performance is not necessarily the final deception; it is an authentication tool used to obtain money, personal data or access. The victim may understand that online endorsements can be forged yet still trust a live-seeming conversation in which several apparently independent people confirm the same story.

The most reliable defence is therefore no longer to search only for visible defects such as unnatural blinking or poor lip synchronisation. Those clues can help, but fabrication is improving. Verification must occur through a separate channel: independently obtained telephone numbers, official government websites, known bank contacts or direct confirmation from the supposed sender. The more urgent and confidential the demand, the less the communication itself should be trusted as proof.

Why official correction is itself contested

Singapore’s response to online falsehoods includes the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act, commonly known as POFMA, which came into force in October 2019. Its most visible mechanism is the correction direction: a recipient may be required to place a notice beside a disputed statement directing readers to the Government’s account, while the original material usually remains accessible.[POFMA Office]pofmaoffice.gov.sgOpen source on pofmaoffice.gov.sg.

The policy reflects a reasonable concern demonstrated by the death hoax, public-health rumours and impersonation fraud: false claims can spread quickly, exploit institutional trust and produce real harm. Simply deleting them may also conceal the dispute rather than explaining it.

However, the system has attracted criticism from legal and human-rights organisations concerned about executive discretion, judicial oversight and its possible effect on political expression. The International Commission of Jurists, for example, has argued that POFMA’s design and application do not adequately protect freedom of expression. Government and supportive analyses instead describe correction notices as calibrated measures that preserve access to the original claim while supplying official facts.[International Commission of Jurists]icj.orgSingapore Dictating the Internet Legal Briefing 2021 ENGSingapore Dictating the Internet Legal Briefing 2021 ENG

That disagreement belongs in a history of contested truth because a correction mechanism depends on confidence in the correcting authority. The question is not merely whether online falsehoods exist; they plainly do. It is also who should decide what constitutes a false statement of fact, what process should govern that decision and how citizens can challenge it.

Research into Singapore-based misinformation environments suggests that trust does not operate mechanically. One study of fact-checking chatbots found that participants’ stated confidence in different fact-checkers did not always predict whether they followed the correction. Authority may attract attention, but it does not automatically produce persuasion.[arXiv]arxiv.orgOpen source on arxiv.org.

What Singapore’s hoaxes have in common

The country’s best-known cases differ sharply in intention and harm. The Merlion is a transparent modern creation; the lion sighting is a symbolic legend; the Monkey Man is poorly evidenced cryptid folklore; the oily man occupies the boundary between supernatural tradition and social fear; the National Kidney Foundation affair involved institutional misrepresentation; the Lee Kuan Yew notice was a recognisable digital hoax; and deepfake impersonations are organised fraud.

What joins them is not national gullibility but the borrowing of trusted forms.

A familiar story supplies plausibility. The Lion City narrative works because it explains a name and embodies kingship. The Monkey Man thrives because forest and darkness make mistaken perception imaginable.

Institutional appearance substitutes for evidence. The fake death notice resembled an official webpage. Deepfake scammers reproduce the look and sound of government authority. The National Kidney Foundation relied on its charitable mission and established reputation.

Repetition creates historical weight. A tourism logo becomes a seemingly ancient creature; a weakly documented cryptid acquires an elaborate sighting history because later writers copy earlier summaries.

Emotion accelerates circulation. Illness, death, vulnerable patients, sexual danger and secret investment opportunities leave little room for patient checking. People share because they are frightened, moved, excited or eager to warn others.

Exposure often comes from testing the frame, not debating the story. Zoology questions the lion encounter. Design records date the Merlion. Governance audits and cross-examination dismantled the charity’s public image. Official-domain checks disproved the death announcement. Independent contact verification can break a deepfake scam.

Singapore’s hoax history is consequently less a cabinet of amusing fakes than a record of changing technologies of credibility. Royal chronicles, cinema, television charity appeals, government webpages, private messaging and artificial intelligence have each provided new ways to make a claim feel authentic. The recurring sceptical question is not simply “Does this sound absurd?” but “What, apart from its appearance and repetition, shows that it is true?”

Amazon book picks

Further Reading

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Freakonomics

By Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner

Explores surprising truths behind widely accepted beliefs.

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Factfulness

By Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling et al.

Relevant to evaluating claims, myths and misinformation.

See on Amazon

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From Third World to First

By Lee Kuan Yew

Provides historical and institutional context for Singapore.

See on Amazon

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The Confidence Game

By Maria Konnikova

Explains why believable stories gain traction.

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Browse more on Amazon:FreakonomicsFactfulnessFrom Third World to First

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Endnotes

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65. Source: roots.gov.sg
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66. Source: roots.gov.sg
Link:https://www.roots.gov.sg/collection-landing/listing/1088466

67. Source: roots.gov.sg
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68. Source: roots.gov.sg
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69. Source: roots.gov.sg
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70. Source: roots.gov.sg
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71. Source: roots.gov.sg
Title: Street Corner Heritage Galleries: Katong-Joo Chiat
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72. Source: roots.gov.sg
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73. Source: isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg
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74. Source: channelnewsasia.com
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75. Source: nhb.gov.sg
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76. Source: nhb.gov.sg
Title: EXPLORE R’S GUIDE
Link:https://www.nhb.gov.sg/nationalmuseum/-/media/nms2017/documents/exhibition-and-programmes-brochures/now-boarding/now-boardingexperiencing-singapore-through-travel-1800s–2000s-explorers-guide.pdf

77. Source: nhb.gov.sg
Title: national flag
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78. Source: cryptidz.fandom.com
Title: Bukit Timah Monkey Man
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79. Source: itsmth.fandom.com
Title: Bukit Timah Monkey Man
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80. Source: ink.library.smu.edu.sg
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81. Source: straitstimes.com
Title: more than 70 people threatened with fake obscene photos in mail police
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82. Source: istockphoto.com
Link:https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/merlion

83. Source: singstat.gov.sg
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84. Source: sso.agc.gov.sg
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85. Source: csa.gov.sg
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86. Source: gov.sg
Link:https://www.gov.sg/

87. Source: sg101.gov.sg
Link:https://www.sg101.gov.sg/resources/archives/identity-merlion/

Additional References

88. Source: visitsingapore.com
Link:https://www.visitsingapore.com/neighbourhood/featured-neighbourhood/marina-bay/merlion-park/

89. Source: factsanddetails.com
Link:https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Singapore/sub5_7a/entry-3170.html

90. Source: unsplash.com
Link:https://unsplash.com/s/photos/merlion

91. Source: instagram.com
Link:https://www.instagram.com/popular/merlion/

92. Source: facebook.com
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93. Source: getforme.com
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94. Source: reddit.com
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95. Source: instagram.com
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96. Source: facebook.com
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97. Source: kenjeyaretnam.com
Link:https://kenjeyaretnam.com/2023/05/26/davinder-singh-you-would-lose-all-authority-all-moral-authority-to-look-at-him-the-ordinary-singaporean-in-his-eyes-isnt-that-right/