How Georgia's Most Convincing Falsehoods Took Hold
Georgia’s best-documented history of hoaxes is not dominated by forged crowns or theatrical monsters. Its most revealing cases concern credible-looking media, politically useful rumours, folklore mistaken for science, and commercial systems designed to imitate legitimate institutions.
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Introduction
These stories differ sharply in intent. The Imedi broadcast was a reckless political media stunt; the “wild woman” story grew from folklore, prejudice and later pseudoscience; the laboratory allegations are organised disinformation; and the call-centre operations are straightforward criminal fraud. Treating them all simply as “hoaxes” would blur those distinctions. Together, however, they show how deception flourishes when a claim matches an existing fear, arrives in a familiar format and is difficult to check before people react.
The invasion broadcast that looked like real news
On the evening of 13 March 2010, the privately owned Imedi television station interrupted its normal schedule with a half-hour programme depicting an imagined political crisis. In the scenario, disorder in Tbilisi was followed by the assassination of Georgian and South Ossetian leaders, the collapse of the government and a renewed Russian military advance towards the capital. Genuine footage from the 2008 Russo-Georgian war was mixed with newly constructed reports, lending the programme the visual authority of remembered events.[Civil Georgia]civil.geGeorgia Fake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, AngeriaFake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, Anger…March 13, 2010 — 14 Mar 2010 — A 30-minute long fake report by Imedi television…
The station briefly announced before the programme that it was a simulation. The warning was inadequate because viewers joining after the beginning saw no persistent label explaining that the events were fictional. The programme also began at roughly the time when Imedi usually transmitted its main evening news, and it used the graphics, presenters and urgent tone of a breaking bulletin. The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe concluded that anyone who missed the opening notice could reasonably have taken it for genuine reporting.[Civil Georgia]civil.geGeorgia Fake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, AngeriaFake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, Anger…March 13, 2010 — 14 Mar 2010 — A 30-minute long fake report by Imedi television…
The social context made the fiction unusually persuasive. Russia and Georgia had fought a real war less than two years earlier; Russian forces remained in the disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia; and many families had direct memories of bombardment, displacement and hurried evacuation. The invented report therefore did not ask viewers to believe something fantastical. It reproduced a catastrophe that had already happened once and might plausibly happen again.
Mobile networks became overloaded as people called relatives and sought confirmation. Ambulance services reportedly received increased numbers of calls, while residents near sensitive areas prepared for possible flight. International observers warned that the broadcast could have caused trouble close to the administrative boundary lines, where frightened civilians and armed personnel might have interpreted unusual movement as evidence that the simulated attack was real.[Civil Georgia]civil.geGeorgia Fake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, AngeriaFake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, Anger…March 13, 2010 — 14 Mar 2010 — A 30-minute long fake report by Imedi television…
Some later accounts attributed several deaths to panic caused by the programme, but firm public evidence establishing those causal claims is limited. The well-supported consequences are widespread alarm, communications disruption and an immediate political and regulatory backlash. Georgia’s National Communications Commission ordered Imedi to acknowledge its violation and apologise, while Georgian officials, the European Union and the OSCE condemned the transmission as irresponsible and potentially destabilising.[osce.org]rfom.osce.orgOSCE media freedom representative calls on Georgian…In reference to a controversial fake report carried on the night of 13 March by Ge…
Stunt, propaganda or failed warning?
Imedi defended the programme as an attempt to illustrate a possible future if Georgian politics developed in a dangerous direction. Yet the scenario portrayed opposition figures as cooperating with Russia and appeared on a channel whose management was closely associated with allies of President Mikheil Saakashvili. That made the programme more than a badly signposted drama: it resembled a political argument disguised in the emotional language of breaking news.[Civil Georgia]civil.geGeorgia Fake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, AngeriaFake Report on Renewed War Triggers Panic, Anger…March 13, 2010 — 14 Mar 2010 — A 30-minute long fake report by Imedi television…
The case is often compared with Orson Welles’s 1938 radio production of The War of the Worlds, but the comparison can be misleading. Imedi was broadcasting in a country recently invaded, using real war footage and naming living political leaders. Its credibility came not from listeners’ unfamiliarity with a new medium, but from the calculated reproduction of a trusted news format during a continuing security crisis.
The enduring lesson is simple: a disclaimer at the beginning does not neutralise a deception built into every other part of the presentation. Viewers tend to judge authenticity from the accumulated signals around a claim—timing, graphics, presenters, archival footage and emotional plausibility—not from a warning they may never have seen.
How a real woman became a Caucasian “ape-woman”
One of Georgia’s strangest contested legends concerns Zana, a nineteenth-century woman who lived in Tkhina, Abkhazia. Later accounts described her as exceptionally strong, dark-skinned, heavily haired and unable to speak. According to stories collected long after her death, she had been captured in the wilderness, sold several times and eventually held on the estate of a local landowner. She bore children by local men and died in the late nineteenth century.[PMC]pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPMCThe genomic origin of Zana of Abkhaziaby A Margaryan · 2021 — Even though the results confirm Zana's largely eastern (~66%) African origin, she also displayed significant l…
The legend identified Zana with the Caucasian tradition of the wild person: a hairy, human-like creature supposedly inhabiting remote forests and mountains. During the Soviet period, researchers interested in “relict hominids” gathered testimony about her. Some suggested that she had been a surviving Neanderthal or a member of an unknown human species. Cryptozoological writers repeated the story internationally, often treating descriptions recorded many decades after the events as though they were reliable eyewitness evidence.[Wikipedia]WikipediaZana of TkhinaZana of Tkhina
This was not necessarily a deliberate hoax with a single inventor. It was a layered transformation: a vulnerable human being became the subject of local folklore; selective testimony was then treated as zoological data; and popular media promoted the most extraordinary interpretation. Details such as exceptional size, total bodily hair and resistance to cold became more dramatic in retelling, while the conditions of enslavement and abuse receded behind the mystery.
Genetic research eventually changed the picture. Analysis of remains identified as Zana and of her son showed that she was fully modern human and predominantly of eastern African ancestry, with a substantial western African component. The researchers found no evidence that she represented an archaic or unknown hominin population. Her ancestry could plausibly be connected to the historical movement of Africans into the Black Sea region during the period of Ottoman slavery, although her exact personal origins remain uncertain.[PMC]pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPMCThe genomic origin of Zana of Abkhaziaby A Margaryan · 2021 — Even though the results confirm Zana's largely eastern (~66%) African origin, she also displayed significant l…
Earlier mitochondrial-DNA work had already pointed towards sub-Saharan African ancestry, but some retellings perversely used that finding to preserve the mystery. Suggestions appeared that Zana descended from an otherwise unknown African population isolated in the Caucasus for tens of thousands of years. The later whole-genome study found that her ancestry was compatible with comparatively recent African populations rather than a hidden prehistoric lineage.[PMC]pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPMCThe genomic origin of Zana of Abkhaziaby A Margaryan · 2021 — Even though the results confirm Zana's largely eastern (~66%) African origin, she also displayed significant l…
The most important correction is therefore ethical as well as scientific. Zana was not a monster exposed by DNA but a woman dehumanised first in life and then in legend. Her story shows how racial difference, disability, unusual appearance, trauma or inability to communicate can be converted into “evidence” for a creature people already expect to find.
The laboratory repeatedly reinvented as a weapons factory
The Richard Lugar Center for Public Health Research in Tbilisi is a high-containment laboratory used for disease surveillance, diagnostics and research. It has supported work on infections including hepatitis, influenza and COVID-19, and forms part of Georgia’s national public-health system. The facility’s initial connection with United States threat-reduction funding and its ability to handle dangerous pathogens made it an unusually effective target for conspiracy stories.[who.int]iris.who.intIris GEORGIAIris GEORGIA
From the 2010s onwards, Russian officials, state-linked media and sympathetic outlets repeatedly alleged that the centre was secretly controlled by the American military. Different versions claimed that it created biological weapons, conducted experiments on Georgian citizens, caused outbreaks of animal or human disease, manufactured the nerve agent used in prominent poisonings, or collected biological material from people living near South Ossetia. The details changed, but the underlying narrative remained stable: an ordinary public-health institution was presented as a hidden foreign weapons site.[gpwmdcounterdisinfo.com]gpwmdcounterdisinfo.comOpen source on gpwmdcounterdisinfo.com.
One widely circulated accusation claimed that 73 people had died during secret drug experiments at the centre. The deaths cited were associated with patients receiving treatment for hepatitis C, not evidence of lethal weapons testing. Georgian fact-checkers and international analysts found that documents and medical statistics had been stripped of context and rearranged to imply a clandestine experiment.[mythdetector.com]mythdetector.gefive false allegations against richard lugar laboratory of tbilisifive false allegations against richard lugar laboratory of tbilisi
The allegations gained traction because they combined several persuasive ingredients:
- Secrecy by association: high-containment laboratories necessarily use security procedures, which can be portrayed as proof of concealed activity.
- A military funding history: American assistance intended to secure dangerous Soviet-era materials was reframed as evidence of an offensive programme.
- Scientific complexity: most readers cannot independently interpret biosafety classifications, disease-surveillance projects or clinical data.
- Geopolitical mistrust: the laboratory sits in a country where arguments about Russian influence, Western alliances and national sovereignty are intense.
- Flexible storytelling: almost any new epidemic, animal pest or poisoning could be retrofitted into the same conspiracy.
Georgia invited an international team of experts and observers from 17 countries to inspect the facility in November 2018 under a transparency exercise connected with the Biological Weapons Convention. The participants were given access to the site and reported that its activities were consistent with peaceful public-health work. The inspection did not end the allegations, because the campaign was not operating like an ordinary scientific disagreement in which contrary evidence settles the matter.[Civil Georgia]civil.geGeorgia Foreign Experts: Lugar Lab is transparent in its activitiesGeorgia Foreign Experts: Lugar Lab is transparent in its activities
The centre later played a prominent role in Georgia’s COVID-19 testing and surveillance. That practical contribution provided visible evidence of its public-health function, but the pandemic also created a larger audience for laboratory conspiracy theories. Claims circulated that the virus had originated there, even though no evidence connected the centre to the emergence of COVID-19.[mythdetector.com]mythdetector.gewho behind misinformation about lugar lab spread news front and geworldwho behind misinformation about lugar lab spread news front and geworld
The Lugar campaign demonstrates a durable propaganda method: begin with a real institution, emphasise features that sound alarming when isolated, then connect unrelated events through insinuation. Unlike a one-off fake photograph, such a narrative can survive repeated debunking because each refutation is reinterpreted as further evidence of concealment.
The investment platforms where every profit was invented
Georgia has also become associated with a less ambiguous form of deception: fraudulent call centres selling fake online investments. Investigations beginning in the 2010s uncovered companies operating apparently professional trading platforms through which victims were promised large returns from shares, currencies, commodities or cryptocurrencies. The websites displayed account balances and market movements, while callers posing as brokers cultivated trust and pressured customers to deposit increasing sums.[Eurojust]eurojust.europa.eusupport arrest online scammers georgia and israelsupport arrest online scammers georgia and israel
The central trick was not a single false statement but an entire counterfeit financial environment. Victims saw dashboards resembling genuine trading software. Small initial deposits appeared to earn rapid profits. Personal “account managers” called regularly, sometimes for months, and presented themselves as advisers with specialist knowledge. When a victim attempted to withdraw money, the supposed profits became inaccessible unless further taxes, commissions, insurance payments or anti-money-laundering fees were paid. Those charges were invented, as were the gains displayed on screen.
A major international investigation published in 2025 examined leaked material from a Tbilisi-based operation, including internal messages, payroll information, training documents and more than a million recorded calls. Analysis indicated that at least 6,179 people had been drawn into the operation and that approximately US$35 million had been taken between May 2022 and early 2024. British and Canadian victims were especially heavily targeted.[OCCRP]occrp.orgOpen source on occrp.org.
The fraud began before the first telephone conversation. Paid online advertisements used fabricated news stories, unauthorised celebrity endorsements and, increasingly, manipulated or synthetic video. A person clicking the advertisement entered contact details and became a sales lead. Call handlers then used scripted persuasion to secure a modest first payment before passing promising victims to more experienced “retention” agents whose task was to extract much larger amounts.[OCCRP]occrp.orgscam empire inside a merciless international investment scamscam empire inside a merciless international investment scam
This structure explains why intelligent and financially experienced people were caught. The operation did not rely solely on greed or ignorance. It manufactured social proof, apparent technical competence and a continuing personal relationship. The victim’s own account appeared to confirm that the adviser was succeeding. Each additional payment was framed not as a new gamble but as the final step required to protect or release money that seemed already to exist.
European and Georgian authorities have pursued several related networks. Eurojust reported arrests in Georgia and Israel in 2021 after investigations into at least 18 deceptive trading platforms, and Georgian prosecutors announced further arrests connected with transnational call-centre fraud in 2024. Following the 2025 journalistic investigation, Georgian authorities opened another criminal inquiry and froze assets linked to suspected managers.[europa.eu]eurojust.europa.eusupport arrest online scammers georgia and israelsupport arrest online scammers georgia and israel
These cases should not be used to characterise Georgian business or society generally. The operations were transnational: marketers, software providers, payment processors, shell companies and managers were distributed across several countries, while victims were deliberately sought abroad. Georgia’s relevance comes from Tbilisi’s role as an operational base in particular documented networks, not from any national disposition towards fraud.
Why these stories were believed
Georgia’s major deception cases have little in common on the surface, yet they repeatedly exploit the same weaknesses in human judgement.
They imitate trusted forms. Imedi reproduced a normal television bulletin. Investment scammers reproduced a regulated trading service. Propagandists described the Lugar Center in the language of technical investigation. Cryptozoologists presented folklore as field research.
They begin with something real. Russia had invaded Georgia; Zana had existed; the laboratory handles pathogens; financial markets can produce genuine profits. The false claim is built around a factual core, making total dismissal feel too simple.
They activate an existing anxiety. War, foreign domination, hidden disease, financial insecurity and creatures lurking beyond settled territory all have emotional power before evidence is examined.
They create an information disadvantage. A viewer cannot instantly telephone a government during an apparent invasion. A patient cannot easily interpret laboratory records. A remote investor cannot inspect a broker’s office or verify its trading system. A reader cannot interview witnesses who died generations ago.
They benefit from repetition. The Zana legend accumulated authority through retelling. Laboratory allegations migrated from official statements into television, websites and social media. Fraudulent advertisements appeared beside familiar online content. Repetition did not prove the claims, but it made them feel established.
What exposure actually changed
The exposure of a false claim rarely erases it. Imedi’s broadcast is still remembered partly because the panic became more famous than the programme’s political purpose. Zana continues to appear in monster books and online videos even though genomic evidence identifies her as a modern human. The Lugar Center remains a target because each new disease can be attached to the old narrative. Investment platforms disappear and return under different names, using the same scripts and software with refreshed branding.
What changes is the quality of the available evidence. Persistent on-screen labelling and clear separation between news and fiction would have made the Imedi simulation harder to mistake. Whole-genome analysis replaced second-hand physical descriptions in the Zana case. International inspection, public-health records and the centre’s visible diagnostic work provided testable alternatives to insinuation about the Lugar laboratory. Leaked calls, internal spreadsheets, payment records and international prosecutions exposed how the investment frauds operated behind their polished interfaces.
Georgia’s hoax history is therefore less a cabinet of curiosities than a study in manufactured credibility. The most successful deceptions did not look absurd when they first reached their audience. They looked like news, science, official warning or financial expertise—and they arrived at moments when believing quickly seemed safer than waiting for proof.
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Endnotes
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Link:https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/a749f49c-bace-4cf6-8ba3-3878782f9483/download
67.
Source: medium.com
Link:https://medium.com/the-mystery-box/zanas-story-78541727cd93
68.
Source: dds.georgia.gov
Title: text message scam
Link:https://dds.georgia.gov/press-releases/2025-05-27/text-message-scam
69.
Source: transparency.ge
Title: georgian dream and scam call centers georgia
Link:https://transparency.ge/en/blog/georgian-dream-and-scam-call-centers-georgia
70.
Source: 2021-2025.state.gov
Title: kremlin disinformation bulletin 2
Link:https://2021-2025.state.gov/disarming-disinformation/kremlin-disinformation-bulletin-2/
71.
Source: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Link:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36618122/
72.
Source: gpwmdcounterdisinfo.com
Link:https://gpwmdcounterdisinfo.com/policy-briefs/the-lugar-centre-disinformation-campaign/
73.
Source: eurojust.europa.eu
Title: support arrest online scammers georgia and israel
Link:https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/news/support-arrest-online-scammers-georgia-and-israel
74.
Source: anti-fraud.ec.europa.eu
Title: eu OLA F home
Link:https://anti-fraud.ec.europa.eu/index_en
75.
Source: eurojust.europa.eu
Title: eu Georgia | Eurojust
Link:https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/states-and-partners/third-countries/liaison-prosecutors/georgia
76.
Source: eurojust.europa.eu
Title: eu11 arrests during actions against fraudulent call centre
Link:https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/news/11-arrests-during-actions-against-fraudulent-call-centre
77.
Source: eurojust.europa.eu
Title: eu Fraud call centres targeting EU citizens shut down
Link:https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/news/fraud-call-centres-targeting-eu-citizens-shut-down-eurojusts-support-over-eur-50-million
78.
Source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Link:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5524392/
Additional References
79.
Source: theguardian.com
Title: deepfakes cash and crypto how call centre scammers duped 6000 people
Link:https://www.theguardian.com/money/2025/mar/05/deepfakes-cash-and-crypto-how-call-centre-scammers-duped-6000-people
Source snippet
Despite multiple warnings and efforts by banks and regulators, many victims from the UK and Canada lost significant amounts. The scam inv...
80.
Source: youtube.com
Title: Journalists Track Down the Call Center That Has Scammed Millions
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrLJdNlNPXM
Source snippet
Captured Bigfoot Mystery Solved: Shocking DNA Results Revealed...
81.
Source: youtube.com
Title: Captured Bigfoot Mystery Solved: Shocking DNA Results Revealed
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RMNYpC93RQ
Source snippet
Zana of Abkhazia: Human or Caucasian Bigfoot?...
82.
Source: academia.edu
Link:https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_Forgeries
83.
Source: reddit.com
Link:https://www.reddit.com/r/bigfoot/comments/sjiogt/can_someone_verify_this_or_has_anyone_heard_this/
84.
Source: theartjournal.com
Link:https://www.theartjournal.com/articles/court-sentences-man-over-forged-provenance-submitted-to-sothebys
85.
Source: atinati.com
Link:https://atinati.com/news/60859490516e480038c3b003?lang=en
86.
Source: facebook.com
Link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/HistoryUncovered/posts/942275659675946/
87.
Source: facebook.com
Link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/2691415461140055/posts/3431576643790596/
88.
Source: the-past.com
Link:https://the-past.com/review/museum/georgias-treasures-from-the-land-of-the-golden-fleece/
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